Adaptive Intelligent Control for Frequency Regulation of Time Delayed Multi-Area Power System with Wind Power Penetration Against DoS-Attacks

Frequency security is a fundamental requirement for the reliable and stable operation of modern interconnected power systems (IPSs) with high wind power penetration. This paper presents an adaptive intelligent fuzzy-logic-based load frequency control scheme for wind farm-based IPSs (WFIPSs), explicitly designed to regulate system frequency and tie-line power flows under adverse communication time delays (CTDs) and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To achieve optimal dynamic performance, the controller parameters are tuned using a multi-objective physics-inspired optimization algorithm, referred to as RIME, which simultaneously minimizes frequency deviations, tie-line power oscillations, and control efforts. The proposed control framework is rigorously evaluated under a wide range of realistic operating conditions, encompassing stochastic wind power variability, parametric uncertainties, domestic and industrial load variations, as well as practical nonlinear constraints such as generator rate constraint, valve saturation, and governor dead band. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed strategy provides superior robustness, faster frequency recovery, and enhanced resilience to cyber-attacks and CTDs compared with conventional approaches. Furthermore, to validate scalability and real-world applicability, the proposed method is benchmarked on IEEE-39 bus and IEEE-118 bus test systems, confirming its effectiveness for large-scale power networks. © 1972-2012 IEEE.