A Scenario-based Two-stage Optimal Sequential Operation of Green-Hydrogen-Integrated Island Hybrid Energy System Network

Islands, due to their geographical characteristics, face unique challenges in energy production, distribution, and storage, particularly with respect to integrating renewable energy and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Hydrogen, in this context, is gaining attention as a potential energy carrier capable of facilitating renewable integration, offering energy storage solutions, and aiding in the reduction of emissions in maritime transport. This paper proposes a two-stage sequential optimization model for the scheduling of Hydrogen Carrier Vessel (HCV) and Island Hybrid Energy System Network. The objective is to efficiently coordinate energy production, storage, and hydrogen distribution while minimizing operational costs under uncertainty in renewable energy generation and demand. The first stage focuses on scheduling energy systems. A scenario-based stochastic optimization approach is applied to determine optimal schedules of shore-side and island hybrid energy systems. In the second stage, based on the first stage's results, the optimal dispatch and routing of HCV are determined. The HCV scheduling ensures all islands receive hydrogen within their specified time windows while minimizing transportation costs. A 24-hour case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model, the proposed optimization reduced the required peak hydrogen reserves by 11.58% compared with a conservative uncoordinated baseline, while avoiding the reliability violations observed under deterministic scheduling. This research provides a viable framework for incorporating green hydrogen production, storage, and distribution into island energy systems, supporting decarbonization initiatives in maritime transport and island communities.

© 2026 IEEE. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence and similar technologies. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.