A rate allocation model for VVC intercoding using a quality dependency

Heqiang Wang; Xuekai Wei; Mingliang Zhou; Horace Ho Shing Ip; Sam Kwong

doi:10.1016/j.ins.2025.122333

A rate allocation model for VVC intercoding using a quality dependency

Heqiang Wang
, Xuekai Wei^*
, Mingliang Zhou
, Horace Ho Shing Ip
, Sam Kwong^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Computer Science

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a rate allocation scheme for rate control at both the group-of-pictures (GOP) level and the frame level in versatile video coding (VVC). First, by statistically analysing the quality dependency chain among GOPs in an intraperiod, a GOP-level quality dependency factor (GQDF) is investigated for the intercoding structure in VVC. Second, considering the hierarchical and block-inconsistent quality dependency at the frame level, we model a frame-level quality dependency factor (FQDF) by decomposing distortion into the skip and nonskip components and analysing the dependency of each part. Finally, a unified rate allocation scheme, leveraging the proposed GQDF and FQDF, is seamlessly integrated into the existing VVC rate control framework. The proposed method is implemented within the newest reference software. Experiments suggest that our method achieves desirable compression efficiency and visual quality compared with state-of-the-art methods. © 2025

Original language	English
Article number	122333
Journal	Information Sciences
Volume	717
Online published	26 May 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2025.122333
Publication status	Published - Nov 2025

Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62176027; in part by the Chongqing Talent under Grant cstc2024ycjh-bgzxm0082; in part by the Central University Operating Expenses under Grant 2024CDJGF-044; and in part by the Chongqing New YC Project under Grant CSTB2024YCJH-KYXM0126.

Research Keywords

Inter coding
Quality dependency
Rate allocation
Rate control
VVC

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10.1016/j.ins.2025.122333

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title = "A rate allocation model for VVC intercoding using a quality dependency",

abstract = "In this paper, we propose a rate allocation scheme for rate control at both the group-of-pictures (GOP) level and the frame level in versatile video coding (VVC). First, by statistically analysing the quality dependency chain among GOPs in an intraperiod, a GOP-level quality dependency factor (GQDF) is investigated for the intercoding structure in VVC. Second, considering the hierarchical and block-inconsistent quality dependency at the frame level, we model a frame-level quality dependency factor (FQDF) by decomposing distortion into the skip and nonskip components and analysing the dependency of each part. Finally, a unified rate allocation scheme, leveraging the proposed GQDF and FQDF, is seamlessly integrated into the existing VVC rate control framework. The proposed method is implemented within the newest reference software. Experiments suggest that our method achieves desirable compression efficiency and visual quality compared with state-of-the-art methods. {\textcopyright} 2025",

keywords = "Inter coding, Quality dependency, Rate allocation, Rate control, VVC",

author = "Heqiang Wang and Xuekai Wei and Mingliang Zhou and Ip, \{Horace Ho Shing\} and Sam Kwong",

year = "2025",

month = nov,

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language = "English",

volume = "717",

journal = "Information Sciences",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - A rate allocation model for VVC intercoding using a quality dependency

AU - Wang, Heqiang

AU - Wei, Xuekai

AU - Zhou, Mingliang

AU - Ip, Horace Ho Shing

AU - Kwong, Sam

PY - 2025/11

Y1 - 2025/11

N2 - In this paper, we propose a rate allocation scheme for rate control at both the group-of-pictures (GOP) level and the frame level in versatile video coding (VVC). First, by statistically analysing the quality dependency chain among GOPs in an intraperiod, a GOP-level quality dependency factor (GQDF) is investigated for the intercoding structure in VVC. Second, considering the hierarchical and block-inconsistent quality dependency at the frame level, we model a frame-level quality dependency factor (FQDF) by decomposing distortion into the skip and nonskip components and analysing the dependency of each part. Finally, a unified rate allocation scheme, leveraging the proposed GQDF and FQDF, is seamlessly integrated into the existing VVC rate control framework. The proposed method is implemented within the newest reference software. Experiments suggest that our method achieves desirable compression efficiency and visual quality compared with state-of-the-art methods. © 2025

AB - In this paper, we propose a rate allocation scheme for rate control at both the group-of-pictures (GOP) level and the frame level in versatile video coding (VVC). First, by statistically analysing the quality dependency chain among GOPs in an intraperiod, a GOP-level quality dependency factor (GQDF) is investigated for the intercoding structure in VVC. Second, considering the hierarchical and block-inconsistent quality dependency at the frame level, we model a frame-level quality dependency factor (FQDF) by decomposing distortion into the skip and nonskip components and analysing the dependency of each part. Finally, a unified rate allocation scheme, leveraging the proposed GQDF and FQDF, is seamlessly integrated into the existing VVC rate control framework. The proposed method is implemented within the newest reference software. Experiments suggest that our method achieves desirable compression efficiency and visual quality compared with state-of-the-art methods. © 2025

KW - Inter coding

KW - Quality dependency

KW - Rate allocation

KW - Rate control

KW - VVC

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105006732375

UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/pubmetrics.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105006732375&origin=recordpage

U2 - 10.1016/j.ins.2025.122333

DO - 10.1016/j.ins.2025.122333

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

SN - 0020-0255

VL - 717

JO - Information Sciences

JF - Information Sciences

M1 - 122333

ER -

A rate allocation model for VVC intercoding using a quality dependency

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Research Keywords

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