A comprehensive review on definitions, development, and policies of net-zero carbon buildings (nZCBs)

The energy consumption and carbon emissions of the building sector are expected to rise significantly in the near future. Net-zero carbon buildings (nZCBs) have emerged as a critical area of research to reduce fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector. In recent years, leading economic bodies, including China, the United States, Canada, and the European Union etc., have made substantial efforts to advance nZCB initiatives. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of nZCBs through three key objectives in leading economic bodies while carrying out a more in-depth analysis of progress in China. First, it reviews and compares nZCB definitions in leading economic bodies, emphasizing critical parameters and boundary conditions. It also investigates the distinctions and overlaps between nZCBs and net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs), providing valuable insights into their unique features. Second, the study outlines mid-to-long term goals for achieving large-scale implementation at various levels, and further investigates the development and current progress of nZCBs in China, and highlights key achievements and pilot projects. Third, the study analyzes various national policies and regional policies, regulations, and guidelines shaping nZCBs development. Additionally, it evaluates certification systems for nZCBs in leading economic bodies, integrating regional characteristics, renewable energy distribution, and diverse building types, and sets carbon emission limits tailored to climate zones and solar radiation levels. This study offers critical insights and strategic recommendations to accelerate nZCB adoption, contributing to long-term sustainability objectives. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd.