2D Materials for Emerging Neuromorphic Vision: From Devices to In-Sensor Computing

The von Neumann architecture faces significant challenges in meeting the growing demand for energy-efficient, real-time visual processing in edge applications, primarily due to data-transfer bottlenecks between processors and memory. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, characterized by their atomic-scale thickness, adjustable optoelectronic properties, and diverse integration capabilities, present a promising avenue for advancing in-sensor computing. These material systems, which include ferroelectric 2D materials, topological insulators, and twistronic systems, enhance the device's ability to handle perception, computation, and storage efficiently. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in 2D material systems, exploring their operational mechanisms and key visual perceptual functions, such as polarization sensing and spectral selection. The potential applications of visual neural synaptic devices within current material systems are also examined, highlighting ongoing efforts to integrate various deep learning algorithmic architectures with innovative device integration strategies. This includes everything from demand-side design to the selection of appropriate material systems. By merging device and materials innovation with neuromorphic engineering, 2D materials hold the promise of overcoming the limitations of the von Neumann architecture, paving the way for the development of intelligent vision systems that harness the power of in-sensor computing. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH