新中國中醫基礎學教科書建構研究: 以《內經知要》為中心

This paper investigates the process of creating “basic-theory” textbooks for Chinese medicine in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The beginning of this process can be traced back to Neijing zhiyao 內經知要, a popular introductory booklet of Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 for Confucian elites aspiring to learn Chinese medicine. The booklet was written by Li Zhongzi 李中梓, a Ming dynasty Confucian physician who lived in the Jiangnan area. In 1954, when the PRC shifted its medical policy from “Chinese medicine doctors should study Western medicine” to “Western medicine doctors should study Chinese medicine,” it became a priority to produce an introductory textbook that could immediately be printed in large quantities for the masses to study. Promoted by the Jiangnan Medical School, and led by Qin Bowei 秦伯未, Neijing zhiyao was selected as the first-course textbook for Western medicine doctors in 1955. In 1958, scholars of the Jiangnan school used the framework of the Neijing zhiyao to produce the first national Chinese medicine textbook, Zhongyixue gailun 中醫學概論. Contributors to the Zhongyixue gailun were reassigned to Beijing, where they and their successors became the backbone of the PRC’s Chinese medicine education and administration and led the compilation of subsequent national Chinese medicine textbooks. For the current study, 214 textbooks containing basic theories of Chinese medicine published in the PRC during 1949–2019 were collected and analyzed. The results show that, on average, chapter classification of these 214 works share a 72.78% similarity with that of the Neijing zhiyao, and that 41 of them are identical. This shows that the chapter classification system of Neijing zhiyao had a significant impact on the compilation of Chinese medicine’s basic theory textbooks, and indicates that Huangdi neijing, as introduced within the structural framework of the Neijing zhiyao, was used as the basic theory of Chinese medicine in the PRC. A reexamination of the relationship between ancient Chinese medical classics and modern Chinese medicine textbooks is thus needed.