大数据环境下我国未来区块链碳市场体系设计

Climate change is a common challenge for humanity. The government of China has been committed to leading the way in carbon emission reduction. Carbon trading is an important way to reduce carbon emission. How⁃ ever, China's current carbon trading market is dominated by enterprise-level carbon trading, which has not yet covered personal carbon trading. The experience from the European countries shows that compulsory personal carbon trading is not feasible because the carbon emission quotas may not be assigned fairly, and the supervision of the trading is difficult. Instead, the Carbon Generalized System of Preferences (CGSP), which encourages citizens to participate in carbon emission reduction voluntarily, is more suitable for China's national circumstances. Currently, enterprise-level carbon trading has drawbacks in data fraud, fake trading, opaque regulation, etc. The personal carbon trading market will face the challenge of massive trading data in the future big data environment. Therefore, it is necessary to design a market structure that integrates enterprise-level and individual-level carbon trading to make the carbon trading market operate efficiently and reliably in the future big data environment. The rapid development of blockchain technology provides a new insight to solve the above problems.

In this paper, a carbon trading market structure based on blockchain technology is proposed for the future demand of integrating enterprise-level and individual-level carbon trading. Specifically, we use public chain and side⁃ chain to design a market architecture. The public chain has decentralized, traceable, immutable, and programmable features, ensuring the authenticity of the enterprise-level carbon trading and reducing administrative costs. The side⁃ chain can aggregate the individual carbon assets, and record high-frequency and small-amount individual-level car bon trading. By involving sidechain, we enlarge the trading throughput to meet the massive individual-level carbon trading demand. In the sidechain, the ecosystem can compile the smart contract automatically based on the regional or project characteristics, which adopts personalized and local conditions and reduces operating costs. In addition, the sidechain ecosystem can ensure user privacy and the data asset security of data providers. The scheme and economic model also provide insights to build and improve a unified carbon market. The advantages of sidechain technology in the big data environment are illustrated by using a data experiment on Ethereum. The sidechain ecosystem dynamics analysis and simulation are carried out using an economic model. The parameters in the models are from the carbon trading market in China and the forecast based on the domestic policies and foreign development trends.

The main contribution of this paper lies in the following three aspects. Firstly, we demonstrate the importance of individual-level carbon trading, and propose to establish a unified carbon market by integrating the enterprise-level and individual-level carbon trading for the future. Secondly, for the future big data environment, we provide the design scheme of blockchain carbon market based on "public chain and sidechain". In the public chain, the transaction is carried out by enterprise nodes and regional ecological operation nodes, and in the sidechain, the generation and transaction of individual carbon assets are carried out regionally. Thirdly, the economic model of the individual carbon asset price in the blockchain carbon market is established, which explains the price mechanism by analyzing the relationship between individual carbon asset price and other parameters in the sidechain ecosystem, and provides references for the government's decision-making.