土的基本特性及本构关系

As a natural material, the soil is extensively used in the civil engineering. Understanding the fundamental behaviors of soils and their constitutive relationships of soils is essential in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. This paper introduces experimental observations and constitutive modelling techniques related to the intrinsic features of soils, such as barotropy, pycnotopy, dilatancy, anisotropy, and microstructure fabric. Recent advancements in investigating the soil behavior through advanced experimental techniques and discrete element methods are discussed, along with their applications in developing constitutive models. Finally, the article provides a comprehensive review of the development of several representative constitutive models, e. g., Cam-clay model, state-dependent models, boundary surface models, hypoplastic models, and data-driven machine learning models. © 2025 Chinese Society of Civil Engineering. All rights reserved.